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Some people don't want to pass by
time inside a hospital, of course

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you might say, but perhaps you don't study
medicine like me and you don't have a doctor

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retirement as an uncle. He knows everyone and
decided to help me choose the

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specialization. It's not a pill
morphine. It doesn't let everyone through

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set of the greatest show on television
doctor of the history of surgery and

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advanced research, although practice
my uncle's hospital is definitely

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experimental.

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Robert is charming, come down again
more.

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It's really too late to sign up for the
jurisprudence?

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It is the most intriguing organ of all.
We know a lot about the brain, but it's there

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There's still a lot we don't know about
at all.

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You don't choose this field because it's easy,
you choose him because he is fascinating. The

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Passion is an essential motivation.
There are new technologies constantly

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way of development.

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We study the brain, the spinal cord
spinal cord, nerve roots, nerves

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and also the muscles. We have been studying you since
top to bottom.

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This week we deal with the head,
of gray matter. It's neurology, it

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study of the brain and system
nervous. When did the symptoms start?

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me visiting a patient means
basically collecting clues

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what they tell me or what I can
discover, thus trying to solve the

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mystery of their illness. You feel it
here too? Yes. Good.

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Sometimes I think I'm some kind of
lieutenant colombo in hospital.

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I put on my hat, my coat and
I'll start the investigation. I chose

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neurology because I had done badly in
all other tests.

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Joke! To be a neurologist you have to
accept the fact that in many cases you

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impossible to make a diagnosis
quickly.

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The diseases we deal with are
more diverse, for example epilepsy,

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stroke, Parkinson's disease,
multiple sclerosis, migraines,

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muscular dystrophy, Gehrig's disease.

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They're not just doctors, they're detectives.

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I started university doing engineering
electronics.

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When I was still studying it happened to me
witness the first research on

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of imaging, the first scanners for
computed tomography. I found it

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extremely fascinating thing, you could
look inside the brain in a way

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absolutely non-invasive. L
The introduction of computers is years old

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been a key element that has
profoundly revolutionized medicine

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neuroscience. Imaging is key
of the diagnosis, the symptoms and the fragments

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puzzles.

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I was in terrible pain, yes
it blurred my vision and I couldn't

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walk. Excess tiredness. Mi
my back hurt a lot. I saw

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the auras. My toes are drying up
they fell asleep. Tell me where it changes

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hand sensitivity.

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The first thing to do is locate the
problem.

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Relax. When we try i
reflections...

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It's to see if the art in question does
moves or doesn't move. This simple

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gavel can really cover a
fundamental role in an exam,

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to exactly define the field of
research.

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Robert, don't you find it incredible that in
neurology uses complex instruments

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absolutely expensive, the high
computer imaging technology

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simple gavel?

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How much? How expensive exactly?

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There are disturbances to the functions of the
thinking, such as memory loss,

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to the nervous system, such as capacity
motor. It depends on where it is located

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malfunction. This is a model of
brain. It is not necessary for you to

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house bring out yours, but if
you really have to wear gloves. The

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brain sends electrical impulses in
different parts of the body and we there

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Doctors have discovered the origin of
these impulses thanks to an examination

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transcranial magnetic stimulation or
TMS.

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A magnet artificially stimulates i
neurons that talk to muscles.

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Thanks to TMS it was discovered that
language and memory are localized

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thunderstorm. There's capacity behind it
vision and the ability to recognize

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objects.

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Through this machinery i
neurologists have developed a map

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brain functions.

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At the moment they have roughly mapped
120 motor functions.

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100,000 billion nerve cells,
each connected to 10 million others

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cells. If you calculate the number of
connections that happen constantly,

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also a mega telephone company
it would get confusing. Soon, that

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it happens when the body no longer listens
the brain? The effects are

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shocking.

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After smashing this scanner d
'attack, aware of its cost

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galactic, we were looking for a way to
repair it yourself.

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Neurological damage is not
it affects only the brain, but also the

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The most serious disorder is sclerosis
lateral amyotrophic disease, or Gehrig's disease.

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Gehrig's disease takes its name from
Lou Gehrig, famous player

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baseball of the 20s and 30s.

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Anyone who studied his case could
identify the onset of the disorder col

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moment when his performance from
batsman began to decline and

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they went from six months to a year
progressive degeneration, before it

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take them to a doctor. The disease first
kills the nerves that connect the muscles

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to the brain and then kills you.

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The knowledge we have of the causes and
what triggers it is

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extremely limited. We know how
evolves, but we still don't know what it is

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causes. Electromyography or EMG is l
test used for disorders

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like Gehrig's disease.

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The needle is inserted into the muscle. A
deep breath, then contracts the

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The electrical impulse, which starts from
nerve directed to the muscle, produces

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this sound.

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What you see on the screen is one
electronic recording. The needle, in

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in this case, it functions as an antenna.

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Electromyography is one of the methods for
identify the real culprit.

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I felt great weakness in my legs
and I tried for two years to find out

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what was wrong. Lieutenant Colombo does not
never follows just one lead. He never does a

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single attempt, makes dozens before
find a solution.

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For this exam we use the
scalpel.

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Doctors may need to
observe the muscle tissue with i

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eyes and don't just observe.

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They take a sample of muscle and it
they examine.

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In an attempt to determine whether the
disorder originates in the tissue

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in motor neurons, which could
be a symptom of Gehrig's disease.

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While his uncle was trying to repair it
scanner, I was trying to keep the doctor

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Wynn away from him.

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So Robert, now we're going to test yours
motor functions. He touches his nose. Not

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manages to repair it. The nose, not there
'ear.

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I can't fix it.

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The nose, not the mouth.

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I believe that a few more tests are not necessary
it will spoil.

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Did you know that the brain produces
electricity?

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Not quite like a power plant.
We produce as much as a light bulb

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10 watts.

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But it's enough to cause bad aches
head.

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I just got a headache thanks
to your light on my face and all

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interrogation I'm undergoing.

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Probably the most typical headaches
that we deal with in neurology are l

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migraines and tension headaches.
We speak of migraine in the presence of

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severe pain that lasts more than 4 years.

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Well, let's put it this way.

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I had children.

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The pain of childbirth is more bearable
of migraines? Absolutely.

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Migraines are treated with a
drug called Triptan. Triptan

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serotonin.

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a neurotransmitter that allows the
communication between cells. By blocking

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Serotonin production is prevented
transmission of pain signals.

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Another form of treatment consists of
in writing a mini diary of

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attacks. Usually it is possible to
identify something in the food

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causes headaches and migraines.

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I had an Italian as a patient to whom
I eliminated coffee from my diet

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espresso, tomato sauce and pasta.

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He recovered with just the control of the
nutrition after over 20 years of

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migraine. He came to visit me and has
said I'm no longer Italian anymore.

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Another disease faced by
neurologists is epilepsy, the cause of

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brain malfunction.

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During an epileptic attack a part
of the brain sends an excess of

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electrical discharges which can result in
uncontrolled movements of the limbs to which

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the loss of must also be added
knowledge.

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From a physical point of view the so-called
small evil involves a decrease in

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'be careful. An attack of what
it is called great evil it makes you fall

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on the floor and causes convulsions in
the whole body.

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They are trying to find the origin
of epileptic attacks by monitoring me

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brain. 24 hours a day.

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I am always connected to a
electroencephalogram. L

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abbreviates to E and G and Dr. Wynn stands
to make me one. I just hope my uncle

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fix that scanner.

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The electrodes are placed on
numerous areas of the skull while you are

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connected to a computer that records the
natural electrical activity of

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brain. There are particular waves that
we recognize as typical of whom

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suffers from epilepsy.

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Thanks to this type of testing often
we have identified the origin of a

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epileptic seizure and on many occasions
we were able to operate on that part

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of the brain and stop epilepsy.

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You might wonder why he wears a hat
as a smurf or if he walks around with a beehive.

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No, he only has six electrodes on his head. I
doctors are looking for the cause of all

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my attacks. When a normal
electroencephalogram is not enough, i

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they stick electrodes in yours
brain.

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and the transmitted signals will give to the
neurologists have clues as to where they are

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attacks. It may seem like material to you
science fiction film, but it's a system

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block the patient's head securely
that he remains immobile.

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Then they use a 3D map of his
head to mark the exact

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of the electrodes.

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The procedure is possible thanks to
ultraviolet cameras that

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information from a placed sensor
on the patient's scalp.

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As soon as the virtual brain does
aligns with the real brain, they enter

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action. Yes, they pierce the skull and that's it
insert the electrodes.

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And thanks to 3D images they don't come
touched important blood vessels.

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Once implanted, these threads do not
they are removed for a week or two and

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detect any short circuit in the
brain electrical activity.

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And if it seems inhumane to you, hear what
it happened in the last century. The

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mad scientists were taking x-rays at the
brain by sucking spinal fluid from

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brain membranes, replacing it with
air. An alteration in density

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allow for better areobiography.

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It was an extremely process
painful for patients and very much so

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dangerous. Today we are able to
produce images of the cerebral fluid

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in just a few minutes.

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This is azital tomography
computerized, which works in a way

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completely different from the rays.

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In a conventional radiograph l
The imaging is made sensitive by a beam

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light penetrating through the body e
doing so produces a shadow that comes

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printed on the film. The CT scanner
it is a computerized version and more

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sophisticated.

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Hypertomography, aperatial,
cybercomputerized.

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You take a lot of photos from different ones
angles, pour onto a computer

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processes them and transforms them into images
three-dimensional.

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In a computer you can put together a
'entire series of quartile images and

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you can work with them and rearrange them according to
needs whenever you want.

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The computer calculates the percentage of
X-rays absorbed in a section

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transversal of the brain. On the scanner
denser tissues, such as tumors,

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appear clearer.

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The possibilities of studying a tumor
they are much broader. Now we can

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where it is located, confirm diagnosis
clinics, see stroke, malformations

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of vessels, effusions in the brain.

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The attack in neurology opened the
Pandora's box. We will see shortly

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our brains sparkle like a
Christmas tree.

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We had destroyed an instrument
sophisticated and of immense value. The uncle

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to fix it and I to distract the
neurologists. So Robert, touch the

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I think a few more zame not
it will wade. Who said the brain

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fatigue? Burns 20% of calories,
even though it only weighs about a pound and

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It feeds only on sugars or glucose
carried by the blood.

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To see how the blood circulates in the
brain, a tomography is performed with

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positron emission.

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Positron emission tomography
is different from axial tomography,

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especially because instead of using a
source that emits X-rays positioned indoors

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'outside of the body and which turns around
around, liquid is injected

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radioactive inside the body.

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The liquid travels in the arteries and in the
veins through the blood.

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In places where the brain is most
bright, there the percentage of blood is

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high and could mean cancer. A
tumor is highlighted as an area, a

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area where glucose consumption is in
increase, therefore much brighter.

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so, the tumor looks a bit like Las Vegas
in the middle of the Nevada desert.

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To try to understand more, the uncle does
A few questions for Dr. Wynn.

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This is an emission tomography
positrons for diagnosing problems

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vascular called PET for brevity. Certain.

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00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:07,060
And do you take an x-ray of your brain? No,
that is the CT scan, tomography vials

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computerized. Doing a CT scan is not doing a PET scan.

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00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,700
No, it's a completely different thing
from PET. The CT scan provides details

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structural, PET images of a
brain at work.

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00:14:16,920 --> 00:14:21,700
There is also a tool for mini
MRI scans on mice said

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But a RAT is not a PET.

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definitely not anyway rats are
difficult to tame and then now

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they also star in films
when doctors need to map the

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structural think big in truth
sense of the word this car is

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00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:44,520
as big as a large dining room is
magnetic resonance imaging l

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MRI unit
more sophisticated component for studying

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human magnetic field and the new MRI
scan is amazing because it allows us

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observe with extreme accuracy the
functioning of the brain.

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Breadth and structure are key
in Alzheimer's research because

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it involves the hippocampus, the responsible area
to memory, and resonance is capable

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to highlight it.

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This is the console from which i
resonance imaging technicians

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they use the scanner and check all the
activity. And what you see over there is

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the scanner.

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The head goes inside this
sort of helmet, which is sort of

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radio.

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Through the antenna, which as we have
seen surrounds the patient's head, i

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signals arrive here, in this
panel, where...

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All radio waves are converted
into digital signals and stored in the

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computers. The computer processes a map
in 2D or 3D of your mind.

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In the case of resonance imaging
magnetic, the fact that the brain is

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composed essentially of water ago
produce the images we see.

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There are hydrogen atoms in water. I
Hydrogen nuclei are like small

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magnets. The scanner aligns them with
its magnets much more powerful.

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The nuclei rotate and the frequency of
their rotation corresponds to a signal

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radio that the antenna is capable of
detect.

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When you are driving and turn on the
radio you can receive signals from

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multiple radio stations and listen to the
attraction. Inside this scanner the

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your body transmits radio waves and us
we'll see if they come from the attraction

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A, B, C or D within you.

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How powerful the field can be
magnetic generated by this unit, which

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only 10,000 times stronger than the field
Earth's magnetic?

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The force field drew a
liquid crystal projector and not c

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no one in the magnet at that time.

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It took as many as six grown men and
lifting straps all around

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take it out.

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My uncle studied all the knowledge about
scanner to be able to fix that

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that we had broken.

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In the meantime I was learning about scanners
from the inside. Fear? No, terror.

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How's it going in there, Robert?

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It's a little tight. We won't get involved
a lot, you will find it fascinating, you'll see.

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This unit generates a magnetic field
very powerful.

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00:17:12,470 --> 00:17:15,190
Hey, stop it, I can't breathe.

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Of course these machines must cost money
a lot of money. Uncle, help!

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It is more or less expensive than a scanner for
ational tomography?

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Well, it's definitely very expensive. Ah,
Robert, can we go now?

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We can?

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In addition to the diagnoses, the resonance
magnetic is used in surgery.

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Many doctors use the gamma knife.

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The gamma knife is a particular technique
of treatment using the

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radiation to treat certain types of
tumor. In reality they are not carried out

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engravings of any kind, we have
instead a massive use of emissions

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radioactive. Every single gamma ray is
too weak to damage the fabric

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healthy. They converge into one
point.

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Making them converge in a single point
there is a high intensity of

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and the diseased tissues are attacked in the
same way...

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A surgical procedure with a scalpel
it can attack and destroy them. And the

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people leave the hospital healthy,
while before they were at risk of their lives, in

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how much stage of the disease was
advanced.

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We will soon see that doctors can
read your mind with the findings

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latest generation.

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My uncle had spent the day
costing himself a bunch of experts for

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fix the famous scanner.

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I distracted the doctors by doing me
visit. Help!

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I want to go out!

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The 3D imaging is truly incredible.
Neurologists are investigators with the

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technology instead of the gun.

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Colombo continues to do his job,
to identify the culprit as he did

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20 years ago, but now with a greater number
of information and details.

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Now he's able to do it with more
tools available that

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'they support. And so Colombo becomes CSI.
The latest toy? The resonance

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functional magnetic. This is the state
of art.

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We use the usual scanners, though
now instead of acquiring a single

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00:19:19,030 --> 00:19:23,310
image, one shot at a time,
we capture data on the go, like

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movie. Now put your hands down.

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Done. Here, can you see?

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Yes. Good.

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Agree. Asking patients to
perform precise actions, doctors

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00:19:33,670 --> 00:19:36,310
see when and where the brain fails
he replies.

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00:19:36,510 --> 00:19:40,350
I want him to press the button when he sees
nouns and for nouns that yes

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refer to the animal world, okay?

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00:19:42,350 --> 00:19:44,510
It seems easy, but that's not the point.

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When the brain responds, the activity
cerebral increases or decreases in

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different areas. You can see some small ones
fluctuations.

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In the signals of your film, observing
the correlation between fluctuations and

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actions required of the patient, we are
capable of producing a map of

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functions and activities.

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00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:10,060
Functional MRI does not
it reveals what you think or feel, but it shows

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00:20:10,060 --> 00:20:11,400
where you think and feel.

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00:20:11,660 --> 00:20:15,420
The time will come when, with the
functional imaging technique, we will be

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able to tell who you are thinking about and
what are you thinking if you think about your

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wife or instead to your friends. Or to
who.

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00:20:26,140 --> 00:20:30,020
My uncle and I thought for the moment
only to that very expensive scanner that

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we had broken up.

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00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:36,680
This is an MRI
functional. It is used to measure the

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stimuli. You could read them in the
thought. Read my mind?

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00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:46,000
Exact. I'll show you some examples. Uncle, if
they read my mind and find out

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00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:49,840
that scanner... A patient thought
to a cat that meows, a cat that

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00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:53,180
plays with the ball and a cat that
breaks a vase.

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00:20:53,790 --> 00:20:55,650
But a vase is not a scanner.

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00:20:57,010 --> 00:20:58,010
Certain.

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00:20:58,790 --> 00:21:02,950
So, when the patient is inside the
machine, we record its activity

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00:21:02,950 --> 00:21:06,590
cerebral. We see his emotions, the
guilt, stress.

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00:21:08,650 --> 00:21:10,770
Tania, the new technicians are here
CT scanner.

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00:21:11,450 --> 00:21:14,730
Well, tell him to take her downstairs
clinic number two. They will find

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00:21:14,730 --> 00:21:17,610
old. It's been a while since I haven't
it worked well.

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00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:25,080
Six years ago I was in a wheelchair
and I recovered almost completely.

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00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:31,260
I feel much stronger. The back does not
It doesn't even hurt anymore since I've been doing it

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00:21:31,260 --> 00:21:35,780
the exercises. I think I live well,
I can't complain. It would have been

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00:21:35,780 --> 00:21:39,520
better without epilepsy, but it would be
worse without other things.

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00:21:39,860 --> 00:21:42,460
The brain is still an earth
unexplored.

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00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:47,440
We are waiting for the next one
generation of imaging and

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00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:52,430
who will give us the correct tools
diagnostics for disorders such as

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00:21:52,430 --> 00:21:53,930
Gehrig or for Parkinson's.

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00:21:55,110 --> 00:21:59,950
We still know too little about many
neurological disorders and research is

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essential if we want to make further progress
and find cures.

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00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:09,040
Everything is constantly changing, there
knowledge as the progress of

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00:22:09,120 --> 00:22:12,980
I enjoy belonging to something
that evolves and that is not still or

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00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:17,160
pre-established. The brain gives us
peculiarities as human beings, the

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00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:21,340
an identity, makes us laugh, makes us
cry, makes us joke with a friend and

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we will not be the human species of it.

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I can't tell you the relief when
we discovered that the scanner we had

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00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:30,440
broken for a while.

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00:22:31,250 --> 00:22:35,650
Uncle was fascinated by
mind reading machine e

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00:22:35,650 --> 00:22:38,890
it's documented a lot, he wants to try to
make one on your own.

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00:22:39,410 --> 00:22:43,290
Meanwhile he started with cats, which
they cost him practically nothing.

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00:22:49,070 --> 00:22:51,730
Maybe the uncle is convinced he is nine
lives him too.